{
  "id": "es-transparencia",
  "name": "Ley de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno",
  "short_name": "Ley 19/2013",
  "citation": "Ley 19/2013, de 9 de diciembre",
  "jurisdiction": "foreign",
  "state": null,
  "state_name": null,
  "country": "Spain",
  "country_code": "ES",
  "url": "https://aletheca.com/laws/es-transparencia",
  "description": "Spain's transparency law, filed through the state Portal de la Transparencia. The Ejército del Aire's UFO files were declassified 1992–1999 and are digitised.",
  "statutory_days": 30,
  "business_days": false,
  "statutory_text": "One month from receipt by the competent body, extendable by another month for volume or complexity; silence is refusal.",
  "appeal_deadline_days": 30,
  "appeal_basis": "one month to bring a reclamación before the transparency council",
  "appeal_process": "Optional reclamación before the Consejo de Transparencia y Buen Gobierno within a month, then the contencioso-administrativo courts.",
  "litigation": "Contencioso-administrativo jurisdiction.",
  "fee_waiver_standard": "Free; reissue costs may be charged.",
  "expedited_criteria": [],
  "exemptions": [
    "Art. 14.1(a) Seguridad nacional",
    "Art. 14.1(b) Defensa",
    "Art. 15 Datos personales"
  ],
  "portal": "https://transparencia.gob.es",
  "turnaround_notes": "Most of what exists on UFOs is already published in the Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa; file only for what postdates the declassified run.",
  "quirks": "Requests through the portal require identification via the Cl@ve system — the practical hurdle for requesters outside Spain.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "label": "BOE — Ley 19/2013 (texto consolidado)",
      "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2013-12887",
      "status": "verified",
      "checked_at": "2026-08-31"
    }
  ],
  "text": null,
  "text_note": null,
  "agencies": [
    {
      "slug": "es-defensa",
      "name": "Ministry of Defence (Spain)",
      "local_name": "Ministerio de Defensa",
      "abbr": null,
      "jurisdiction": "foreign",
      "state": null,
      "state_name": null,
      "country": "Spain",
      "country_code": "ES",
      "category": "defense",
      "agency_type": "ministry",
      "parent": null,
      "parent_name": null,
      "url": "https://aletheca.com/agencies/es-defensa",
      "website": "https://www.defensa.gob.es",
      "reading_room": "https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es",
      "subject_to_foia": true,
      "law": {
        "id": "es-transparencia",
        "citation": "Ley 19/2013, de 9 de diciembre",
        "statutory_days": 30,
        "business_days": false,
        "appeal_deadline_days": 30
      },
      "intake": [
        {
          "channel": "portal",
          "detail": "https://transparencia.gob.es",
          "label": "Portal de la Transparencia",
          "verified": true,
          "verification": "verified",
          "verification_source": null,
          "last_checked": null,
          "automatable": false,
          "preferred": false,
          "reliability": null,
          "instructions": null
        },
        {
          "channel": "mail",
          "detail": "Ministerio de Defensa, Paseo de la Castellana 109, 28046 Madrid",
          "label": "Postal mail",
          "verified": false,
          "verification": "unverified",
          "verification_source": null,
          "last_checked": null,
          "automatable": false,
          "preferred": false,
          "reliability": null,
          "instructions": null
        }
      ],
      "submission_readiness": null,
      "holdings": [
        "The Ejército del Aire UFO expedientes — some 80 files covering 1962–1995, declassified 1992–1999",
        "Digitised copies in the Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa",
        "Air operations centre (Mando Operativo Aéreo) sighting reports"
      ],
      "tips": [
        "The declassified expedientes are digitised and free in the Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa — search 'expedientes OVNI'; file only for what postdates 1995.",
        "Portal requests require Cl@ve identification — the practical hurdle for non-residents; the CTBG reclamación is free."
      ],
      "tracking": "Expediente number issued by the transparency unit.",
      "confidence": "high",
      "source": "Hand-compiled international layer. Bodies and statutes are real; contact routes are inferred unless marked verified, and none has yet been proven by a delivered letter."
    }
  ]
}